How far did Henry VIII continue the policies of his father 1509-1514 Essay Example

How far did Henry VIII proceed with the arrangements of his dad 1509 How far did Henry VIII proceed with the strategies of his dad 1509-1514 Essay How far did Henry VIII proceed with the approaches of his dad 1509-1514 Essay Paper Topic: History Henry VIIs household and international strategies were basically determined by insatiability. His formal including of coins in the room was his most loved past time and through his longing to be affluent, he would put everything on the line, paying little heed to how disagreeable he became, to accomplish it. Henry VII governed England atypically and was disinterested by the generally regarded chilvary of his ancestors, progressively worried about security, he invested quite a bit of his energy quieting down risings in his own nation. Henry VIII notwithstanding, was in wonder of extraordinary warriors, for example, Henry V and The dark ruler; he accepted that a lord must battle to substantiate himself and endeavored all through his rule to imitate the regard and military ability of his legends. I consider that the central contrasts in character and legislative issues between the two rulers will assist with clarifying why Henry did or didn't proceed with the strategies of his dad between 1509-1514. The two Kings had altogether different points when they went to the seat, Henry VIIs was fundamentally to make sure about the seat for his male beneficiary however Henry VIIIs points were undeniably increasingly goal-oriented. He had grown up knowing about stories of The dark ruler and the extraordinary triumphs of Henry V, so at seventeen years old years and nine months, Henry was resolved to copy the achievement of his counterparts. He emphatically put stock in the English lords antiquated cases to the French seat and was resolved to guarantee it. Henry VII interestingly in any case, had no such driven and was moderately uninterested in outside war and the French crown; he put unquestionably more significance of setting up himself and his beneficiary as the legitimate progression on the seat. In residential approach the two rulers varied less maybe than in outside. Henry started his rule by wedding Catherine of Argon in spite of the fact that this satisfied Henry VIIs bargain commitment it was anyway the main sign the Henry was probably not going to follow in his dads strides. After the passing of Henry VIIIs more established sibling, Catherine of Argon was bereaved, through Henry VIIs eagerness for cash he requested that she was unable to remarry the more youthful child except if another endowment was paid. Her dads refusal sentenced her to the pinnacle of London and just with Henry VIIIs ascend to ruler was she liberated and hitched. This maybe was a sign from Henry, since he made a point that his first activity would conflict with the desires of his dad. Henry VII had broadly never coexisted with the honorability to a great extent because of the enormous assessments he kept on putting upon them during his rule, the expense gatherers Epson and Dudley were executed once Henry VIII was in power. Their expulsion was a determined ploy to empower the new system benefit from the steadiness won by Henry VII without causing any of its orderly shame. Henry VIII did accordingly acquire an unquestionably more tranquil and joined England than his dad did in 1485. Henry VII acquired a far less steady England and all through his rule he kept on stifling uprisings from impersonators, for example, Perkin and Warbeck and was continually under the danger of different petitioners to the seat. The execution of Empson and Dudley showed that Henry tried to make new connections with the respectability regardless of his dads abhorrence and doubt. His dad had been so careful about the respectability in high places that he had set up The gathering scholarly, comprised of experts with whom he would speak with about policys as opposed to the honorability. Henry VIII likewise broke down this, just as expelling huge numbers of the bonds his dad had set to burden the aristocrats. He did anyway not expel them all, maybe a sign that he was not too different from his dad in certain regards. Henry VIIs want for cash verged on a fixation for him and he even undermined, however never intended to development, war with France in the October war so as to get a standard annuity on the off chance that he vowed not to attack. He was careful with cash and burdened at whatever point he could, maybe the fundamental explanation he was so uninterested in war was on the grounds that it was so costly. Henry VIII as an unmistakable difference anyway was exceptionally unrestrained and felt the most ideal way cash could be spent was on war. He had almost no enthusiasm for the managerial side, he detested composing letters and convincing him to compose his mark was a burdening circumstance for his chamber. Henry VIII permitted his board the opportunity to start strategy on numerous issues, definitely more so than Henry VII. As an a lot more youthful ruler he enjoyed sports, for example, jousting and chasing and invested little energy considering strategy. Through his affection for sports he had introduction to a considerable lot of the aristocrats and it helped him make great relations with them. It was in reality the aristocrats impact, which supported Henrys want for the French crown, something his dad had indicated little enthusiasm for. Henry VIIs international strategy was basically the upkeep of universal security and when England was consigned to an inferior force as Spain rose to become Frances fundamental adversary, Henry VII was uninterested. He was not keen on building up England as an extraordinary force, nor was he keen on being perceived among different rulers in Europe, his child anyway was fairly unique. Because of Henry VIIIs uncertainty, he was frantic for acknowledgment and brilliance. Baffled at Englands unessential situation in Europe and little force he made plans to make England incredible once more. In 1513, the main counsel to the ruler and Lord Chancellor, Wolsey ordinated Henrys attack of France, where Henry picked up the control of Therouanne and Tournai. Despite the fact that these triumphs were of minimal key worth, Henry highly esteemed his triumph and felt that he was a bit nearer to setting up himself as an extraordinary warrior. His dad had marked a one-year valid with France in January 1489 and when he passed on he had left his child in a position where he was in acceptable relations with the forces of Europe. He had kept up the triangular coalition that he had so needed after a few petitioners to the seat had been sponsored by outside forces. He was intensely mindful of his defenseless outskirt with Scotland because of its French union and had been fastidious in making security for himself and his beneficiary. Henry VIII anyway wanted no such partnerships and this was obvious by his wars with France and Scotland in 1513. Because of the war with France, they started to reimburse the benefits that Henry VII had taken steps to do battle for every one of those years back. In this regard maybe, Henry continued the strategies of his dad somewhat. Anyway the war with Scotland didn't notwithstanding, as his dad had consistently attempted to guarantee great relations between them because of their problematic outskirt and collusion with the French. The war with Scotland, the Battle of Flodden occurred on ninth of September 1513 and saw the slaughter of King James and his child the Archbishop of St. Andrews, another minister, two abbots, twelve dukes, fourteen masters nearly the entire Scottish gentry and knights, men of their word and hall. On 22nd of August that year James IV had crossed the outskirt to England close Coldstream with 20. 000 men. The Earl of Surrey, who had just battled in the War of Roses yet 70 years of age walked north conveying the standard of St. Cuthbert, drove England to triumph. In spite of the fact that Thomas Cromwell called the two wars ungracious dogholes in 1523, Henry was excited. A short time later he arranged a bargain of harmony between Louis XII and recuperated the French benefits. As Henry VIIIs rule unfurled, he added royal ideas of majesty to existing medieval ones and he endeavored to offer significance to the words Rex imperator, incomprehensible since the Roman domain and it is I consider through these gallant dreams that he did battle with France and Scotland in 1513. Henry VII and Henry VIII had altogether different thoughts of what was normal from a ruler and I consider that despite the fact that Henry VII had reestablished steadiness and imperial position, it might have been for reasons of character as much as strategy that his child set out to expand his superb force. Henry VII want for strength and cash implied that he had little enthusiasm for the threat and cost of war, his children progressively conventional perspectives and imperialistic ideas of majesty pined for acknowledgments an extraordinary warrior like his saint Henry V. These distinctions clarify the altogether different international strategies of the rulers just as a lot of their household approaches and in spite of the fact that Henry didn't cancel every one of his dads charges, he destroyed the cautious unions he had developed through his rule. For these explanation hence I consider that Henry VIII didn't proceed with the arrangements of his dad generally, if at all and that their major standards and legislative issues shifted incredibly.

Research of an Innovative Hardware Object Essays

Research of an Innovative Hardware Object Essays Research of an Innovative Hardware Object Essay Research of an Innovative Hardware Object Essay After you make your item utilizing your PC helped programming or CAD, he computerized AD model is spared as a SST record and sent to the printer. Before you begin printing anything you need to include a select measure of the material that you have chosen to utilize (mortar, ballistic, polyurethane, polyester, epoxy, metal and so forth ). At that point the printer prints out your item on a bed and youre wrapped up. There is another strategy that you can use to AD print your ideal article, this technique is called combined testimony displaying or FED. In this technique liquid polymer is splashed onto a help layer and the item is assembled layer by layer until complete. What organizations produce AD printers? The market for AD printers Is starting to develop. There are numerous organizations that work in delivering and selling AD printers yet for this task Im going to concentrate on the accompanying. A portion of the organizations that produce modern AD printers are; Object Geometries established in 1998, Z Corporation established in 1994, Strategy established in 1988, disesteems established in 1986. A portion of the organizations that produce AD printers for home use are; Makeover Industries established in 2009, Ultimate established in 2011, and Potboil established by disesteems. What are the models that are made by different organizations? Models made by: Z Corporation: The Project 3510 SD creates top notch parts ideal for building and mechanical structure applications. Methodology: The Forts mace framework constructs solid and exact parts as extensive as 914 x 610 x mm. It likewise has 11 distinctive material alternatives appropriate for anything from protruding apparatuses and processing plant tooling to end-use parts and even useful models. disesteems: The Cube X Duo is truly outstanding and most well known work area/individual advertisement printers with the capacity to print and item as large as a b-ball! Makeover: The Makeover Replicated ZOO is progressed to such an extent that you can make and print two items simultaneously. Application and cloud empowered so you can associate with spouse and USB without any issues by any means. Extreme: a definitive 2 has the business driving print to measure proportion. It has the littlest impression and most noteworthy form volume among all work area AD printers. Additionally, it is an open fiber framework implying that the expense of material is extremely low contrasted with other promotion printers since you can utilize any fiber you pick. Potboil: The Cube X has a propelled settings alternative that perm its you to specific and customized the manner in which you print In 8 unique hues! Likewise, It Includes Its own printing programming. Qualities of this segment Include: Cheap Manufacturing: AD printing is progressively being utilized by enormous organizations sun as speak or Ales to supplant some AT precept ordinary maturating meet This is accomplished through lower transportation and bundling costs from abroad parts providers, less human work and less expensive and solid materials. Snappier Production: The speed of AD printing contrasted with requesting parts from various providers everywhere throughout the world resembles looking at the speed of a turtle and the speed of a race vehicle. Why old you need to trust that parts will show up when you could have the whole article constructed directly before you in a few hours. Likewise in the event that you dont like the structure you have made, you can Just beginning without any preparation or shape your plan into something else utilizing the PC program used to print. New Shapes and Structures: Regular assembling strategies depend on molds and slicing advances to make a set number of shapes however AD printing changes this by and large. The AD printers shower device can assemble an unbounded number of complex figures constrained uniquely by human creative mind. Mixes of New Materials: Before AD printing, blending diverse crude materials wasnt conceivable because of their physical and concoction properties however individuals accept that advertisement printings potential has not been reached at this point such a significant number of organizations currently offer several distinct materials with various wraps up the look and feel of metal, fired or glass with various qualities and dissolving temperatures. Shortcomings of this part: AD printers go through a lot of vitality in any event, when printing something the size of a neckband. When dissolving plastic and different materials with warmth or lasers, AD printers utilize around 50-100 times increasingly electrical vitality that infusion trim to make n thing of a similar weight and size implying that with regards to modern AD printing, the time you spare probably won't merit the cash your spending on electric or creation expenses. One of the materials generally utilized in AD printing is plastic. Potentially the greatest natural developments in ongoing history has been to lessen the utilization of plastics, the most famous and least expensive AD printers utilize plastic fiber and wires to print objects. In the event that AD printing begins to turn out to be increasingly industrialized, at that point overabundance plastic from either print beds or scratched ventures that werent utilized necessities to e recyclable or biodegradable yet up to that point, AD printing will turn into an inefficient method of making parts or any items. There are numerous things you can print with an AD printer for instance; a toy for little youngsters or a wheel for a transport or bike, the issue is you could likewise print out a firearm or weapon or the like and that could be unlawful in the nation that you made it. The printer itself won't not permit you to print out a weapon since it doesnt know the distinction. There is likewise going to be an issue with printing out fake items. To print an item, all you need s the product the model was made on and the genuine document itself. You can likewise print out charge cards and I. Dos just as duplicates of other private possessions. What amount does an AD printer cost? There are 3 fundamental sorts of AD printers, these sorts incorporate; individual, proficient and modern. Individual AD printers are clearly and basically utilized for little activities that you can make, for example, toys, small structures and apparatuses. Proficient AD printers are utilizes In enormous business Dulling Ana organizations; high schooler utilize ten printers for parts that should be made with explicit detail since transportation from different sections the world over is excessively costly. Modern AD printers are utilized for making articles and parts to be sold and fabricated to other enormous organizations, as a rule for more worth.

J-Termer Experience COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

J-Termer Experience COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog First of all, J-Term/J-Termer is not an official name at Columbia University; however my group of 60 students who started in January of 2013 is called “J-Termers” within SIPA. The “J” stands for January, since that’s the month when we started our program. Compared to the fall term start, our group is much smaller and more exclusive.   ??   I chose to start in the spring semester, because two main reasons. One, it worked out with work; two and the important one, I knew starting the two year program in January will allow me to do two internships over the two summers. Having more practical experience will be valuable when applying for jobs after graduating from SIPA. Also, I think especially if one wants to transition into another field, having two summer internship opportunities will be a great asset to acquire specific industry knowledge that one can bring to the table when applying for that full-time job after SIPA. And for the students who may not know exactly in what fiel d they want to pursue a career in, the two internships will allow them to explore two different fields before making a decision. My previous professional experience is in Private and Investment Banking and I am looking to move into a more macroeconomic and risk analysis career. Therefore, having a couple summers will allow me to gain the appropriate tools to successfully make this transition. The curriculum for J-Terms is exactly the same as for any other students starting in the fall semester; however the courses have a slightly different order, which may pose a challenge to some students. I personally don’t think this is a significant issue, especially with the assistance of the Student Affairs Office and its Deans. Since our group is small compared to the group in the fall, all concentrations were in the same group during orientation. This was especially interesting since I not only got to meet my fellow IFEP’ers (International Finance and Economic Policy folks), but also students from all the other concentrations, which will enhance the opportunities to connect with interesting people that have different backgrounds and professional goals. Another point that may mistakenly be held against starting in January is the opportunity to be a TA (Teacher’s Assistant) or receive fellowships/scholarships. From my experience this is a misconception; since many of my classmates received summer scholarships and fellowships for the fall semester (only after a semester into their studies). Receiving such scholarships/fellowships depends on your grades, performance and initiative. Bottom line; the students who start in January may (at most) have to be a little more flexible since some first semester courses will only be offered during the J-Termer’s second semester; however that said if you are a go-getter and don’t mind taking the initiative then the J-Term is a great way to get your degree at SIPA. So far, I am very satisfied that I am one of the J-Termers and look forward to meeting you at SIPA. posted by Andreas Maerki, MPA 2014, International Finance and Economic Policy (IFEP)

About The Ending Of The Catcher In The Rye - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1127 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/28 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Catcher in The Rye Essay Did you like this example? The ending of J.D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye is convincing, following logically from the nature of the characters and from the preceding action. Holden Caulfield felt happy as he watched his sister Phoebe Caulfield ride on the Central Park carousel. Holden confessed, I was damn near bawling, I felt so damn happy (Salinger 275). But Holden also admitted he didnt know why he felt so happy, or why he was about to cry at the time. Even so, Caulfields sense of relief after his long depression felt perceivable. One way of reading The Catcher In The Rye takes Holden at his word, believing his happiness is authentic/genuine and predicts an eventually full recovery, seeing Holden shedding his distrust about the world and developing warmer feelings about others. Holden indicated as much as noted above when he claimed, I sort of miss everybody I told about. (Salinger 277). If its true Holden growed less bitter by the end of The Catcher In The Rye and hers learned the value of other people, then he may grow past his depression and move on to a more successful career at his new school and in his life beyond, emphasizing a sense of optimism, if not absolute happiness. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "About The Ending Of The Catcher In The Rye" essay for you Create order A doubtful reading places suspicion on Holdenrs optimism. Over the course of The Catcher In The Rye, Holdens evaluations of others consistently prove to be both inaccurate and oversimplified, making his own self-evaluation suffering from a similar shortsightedness very likely. For example, the scene with Phoebe on the Central Park carousel, where Holdenrs happiness bordered on insanity and madness suggests after his laboring and long depressive spell, the suddenness of his emotional breakthrough seems suspicious. Also suspicious is the simplicity of Holdens happiness. Holden damn near bawling (Salinger 275) suggests his emotions are far more complex than he can comprehend. As Holden frequently revealed in the final pages of The Catcher In The Rye, he didnt really know what he felt or why. In Holdens emotional immaturity, he may have reduced this complexity to an overly simple label: happiness. Indeed, Holden may be just as confused and troubled as ever. Reaching the end of The Catcher In The Rye, the climax of Holdenrs 3 dramatic days turned out to be rather anticlimactic. Holden returns home and hesitates talking about what happened over the 3 dramatic days as he anticipates his transfer to another new school and another new beginning. In the end of The Catcher In The Rye, its supposedly random events turning things around for Holden. He has a moment of absolute relief while he watches Phoebe go on a merry-go-round in the rain, realizing for the first time his actions may seriously hurt someone he loves more than life itself (Phoebe). Theres someone who would feel a terrible loss at Holdens absence (The little girl with her blue coat on the Central Park carousel in the pouring rain). Holdens life is fruitful, absolutely necessary to the wellbeing of others. Therefore, while Holden still has a fair amount of growing up and maturing to do, the worst is mainly over, producing a surprisingly optimistic and appropriate ending. Holdens attitude shifts near the end of The Catcher In The Rye when he realizes Phoebe and other children must be allowed to grab for the gold ring, to choose their own risks and take them, even though their attempts may be dangerous. Holdens indication of his acceptance of life changes at the end of The Catcher In The Rye, leaving some hope for himself. Towards the end of The Catcher In The Rye, when Phoebe asks Holden what hed like to do with his life, he explains his desire to be a catcher in the rye (Salinger 225). In this metaphor, he visualizes a field of rye standing by a dangerous cliff. Children play in the field with joy. If they are too close to the edge of the cliff, Holden catches them. Holdens ambition to save children from falling off a cliff significantly represents his desire to save innocence. He wants to rescue Phoebe, as well as other children, so he can rescue the purity he believes can only be found within innocent children. Holden dreams about saving the children in the rye field because saving them means preserving the purity left in the world. Yet Holden has given up on saving his own purity, as he believes it has been lost. By the end of The Catcher In The Rye, it seems Holden will continue to rescue others and fail to recognize its him who needs rescuing. Holdenrs last words in The Catcher In The Rye are: Dont tell anybody anything. If you do, you start missing everybody (Salinger 277). The words missing everybody seems out of character for Holden. Possibly towards the end in The Catcher In The Rye, when Holden is in therapy and recovering, his childish pessimism broke, pointing out Holden uncomfortableness in opening up to anybody because hes afraid of establishing a connection and then losing them. This goes a long way towards comprehending why Holden sabotages any relationship he begins to establish, because hes afraid of losing others close to him. This fear has such a rigid grip on Holden that he continues to be depressed and lonely, even to the extent that by the end of The Catcher In The Rye hes afraid to even speak to anyone. Salinger wanted Holden to feel once he tells about something, even if its how false things can be/seem, he misses it/them in some way. Here, Holden reveals his softer side, the side missing his older brother D.B., the side worrying about children scared by mummies in a museum, the side wondering about Central Park ducks in the winter and watching Phoebe ride the Central Park carousel. Holden says its not always wise to go back and talk about things a person may never see again. Hes saying no matter what he narrated, what his feelings and thoughts were, there was a lot he appreciated about it, and letting the public know may not be good. The Catcher In The Rye ends with Holden stopping the story after taking Phoebe to the Central Park Zoo. Holden simply says hes going back to school and misses his classmates (Even those he didnt like much), and that discussion about his story made him miss them. Holden informs and reminds that telling a story digs the feelings of lost for the early days. The significance is Holden unable to grow from his experience and move forward, instead just recalling past memories and drowning in melancholy. Salinger doesnt spoon-feed a happy ending, making The Catcher In The Rye more authentic, more genuine, more convincing, more lifelike, and more realistic than some bildungsroman novels.

Essay about Business Ethics Avco Environmental - 918 Words

For my paper I chose the case of Avco Environmental. The case is fictitious and can be found on the businessethics.ca linked provided in prezi. The facts of the case are Chantale Leroux, a clerk for Avco Environmental Services, which is a toxic waste disposal company, has found evidence that Avco might be disposing medical waste in the local municipal landfill. I feel this case violates seven of the ten primary traps and eight of the ten prima facie duties. In reading the case, you can separate Chantale the person from Avco Environmental the company and see who has violated what traps. In looking at the ten primary traps from the Hoyk and Hersey book , seven of the ten traps were cause for the ethical failure. The first trap is†¦show more content†¦The company, Avco, has violated tyranny of goals by performing the illegal practice and not informing the proper authorities once Chantale had brought it to their attention. Money is an obvious trap for both Chantale and Avco. Chantale is fearful of losing her job and if she were to call her friend at the newspaper or someone else outside the company, she may be fired and a loss of money would result. For Avco, they are trying to save money and if Chantale were to call her friend they could be fined, sued and have to start paying for proper disposal techniques. The last trap, conflict of loyalty, can sum all of these examples. It is stated that Chantale has ‘faith’ in her company’s management and that they have always seemed honest and trustworthy and for Angela to suggest that the illegal action was not harmful and for the honest company to overlook or underplay something like this, Chantale might me making a big deal over nothing. Chantale has to choose between doing what is ethically right and what her company tells her is right. In the case of Avco, eight of the ten prima facie duties were violated. The duty of veracity, truth telling was violated by the company’s managers. The prima facie duty of fidelity, would be violated if Chantale chooses not to keep quite about theShow MoreRelatedE-Health and Commercial Genetic Testing1041 Words   |  5 PagesCase #1 Business Ethics Case Studies: e-Health and Commercial Genetic Testing Veritas Diagnostics is a medical diagnostics company specializing in adult genetic susceptibility testing for a range of heritable and complex genetic conditions. Their main business involves testing for the mutations associated with cystic fibrosis, hereditary kidney disease, as well as breast, ovarian and colorectal cancer. They have a well-staffed, well-run, sophisticated genetics laboratory capable ofRead MoreInternational Financial Accounting155754 Words   |  624 PagesCopyright law protects their livelihoods. It does so by creating rights over the use of the content. Breach of copyright is a form of theft – as well as being a criminal offence in some jurisdictions, it is potentially a serious breach of professional ethics. With current technology, things might seem a bit hazy but, basically, without the express permission of BPP Learning Media: Photocopying our materials is a breach of copyright Scanning, ripcasting or conversion of our digital materials into different

Managing Hybrid Marketing Systems Free Essays

Managing Hybrid Marketing Systems In the article we read that companies create hybrid marketing systems by adding channels and communications methods. A company generally must reach new customers or segments to sustain growth. It usually supplements existing channels and methods with new ones designed to attract and develop new customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Hybrid Marketing Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now This addition of new channels and methods create a hybrid marketing system. Hybrid systems are hard to manage. It is an important way to increase sales and decrease costs. For example, IBM and Apple started adding new channels and communications methods and by these IBM and Apple created hybrid marketing systems. Smart managers recognize the high risks of operating hybrid systems. A hybrid can be hard to manage. The result is the same whether the migration is from direct to indirect channels (such as IBM) or from indirect to direct channels (such as Apple). Hybrid Marketing Systems can offer substantial rewards. For example, if a company captures benefits of a hybrid system with increased coverage, lower costs and customized approaches then that company will enjoy significant competitive advantage over rivals that cling to traditional ways. The need to contain costs is another powerful force behind the spread of hybrid systems when companies look for ways to reach customers that are more efficient than direct selling. At the heart of the problem of designing and managing hybrid systems is the fundamental question of what mix of channels and communication methods can be best to accomplish the assortment of tasks required to identify, sell and manage customers. The trick to designing and managing hybrid systems is to disaggregate demand-generation tasks both within and across marketing system. It recognizes that channels are not the basic building blocks of a marketing system but marketing tasks are. This analysis of tasks and channels will identify the hybrid’s basic components and permit managers to design and manage the system effectively. A map of tasks and channels is called a hybrid grid. It can help managers make sense of their hybrid system. For example a hybrid grid can be used to illustrate graphically what happened at Write Line and what have happened differently. In seeking to build and manage hybrid system the companies must recognize and communicate the existence of conflict as the first and most important step. Maintaining order in a hybrid marketing system is a complex administrative challenge. An MSP system acts as the central nervous system that coordinates the channels and tasks of a hybrid system. How to cite Managing Hybrid Marketing Systems, Papers

Taxation Divident Policy

Question: Describe about the Taxation for Divident Policy. Answer: Income tax is the most significant source of income in Australia and is imposed at the federal level. It is levied on three sources of the individual: business income, capital gain and personal income. The taxable income of an assessee is assessed in calculated in an abroad sense after applying allowable deductions against it. The report consists law relating to taxation applicability on funeral income and trading stock. The applicable law has been explained and the relevant sections and case law have also been discussed in the report. The connectivity between facts of questions and relevant case laws has been included in the report for a better understanding. Part A Facts of the case: The fee received by RIP Ltd. is payable under 30 days invoice and the income through RIP Finance Pty Ltd who provide finance to the company is received under instalment repayment plan. The other income is received through the funeral plan in which client make a timely contribution to meet their funeral cost. In case the amount is not paid them time and completely, the received amount is retained by the company. Applicable Provisions: As per section 6(5) of Income Tax assessment act, assessable income comprises income according to ordinary concepts called ordinary income. In case a person is an Australian resident than the income derived directly or indirectly from all the sources is included in assessable income (Barkoczy, 2016). The facts of case Brent v FC of T71 ATC 4195 are related to the facts of question which concludes that in absence of specific provisions, the ordinary commercial and trading principals will be applied. Hence, according to the above provisions the income through RIP Pty Ltd. will be treated as income generally and the income relating to the funeral plan will be treated as income from the funeral and related activities. (b) Case law: Arthur Murray (NSW) Pty Ltd. v FCT (1965) 114 CLR 314 (Full High Court) Arthur Murray who was involved in the profession of giving dance lessons received payment regarding its services in advance. The students were not having a contractual right to receive a refund in case they are not able to attend classes in future. The return filed to be the assessee included all the income on receipt basis (Prepaid Income Arthur Murray Case, 2012). The court concluded that the income received in advance should be included in assessable income subject to the contingent part that is refunded in case the taxpayer is not able to provide the services. Conclusion As the receipts received from the funeral plan are not refunded to the client in case they are not able to pay further receipts; it is same as in the case of Arthur Murray. Hence, the case law will be applied to income under the funeral plan and not to other income earned by the taxpayer because the relevant facts are similar to that part only. (c) There are two methods available for accounting to an assessee: a cash basis and non-cash basis (accruals). In case the total turnover of a business is less than $2 million, the taxpayer can use either method of accounting. Cash Basis: This accounting method can be applied in the case of individual, partnership, trust or company when the aggregate turnover is less than two million or the taxpayer account for tax on a cash basis or in case the assessee has asked to be allowed to account on a cash basis (Barrett, 2012). The advantage available in this system is a flow of money is better aligned with the activity statement liabilities which makes easy to manage cash flow. It can be clearer with an example- Mr Y who is a sales manager has received a salary of one month for next year in advance. As cash basis is applied the salary of one month will be included in assessable income even the services have not been rendered yet. Non-cash Basis: This method is used mainly by large business. In this system, the financial statement covers the period in which tax invoice has been issued or received. It can be said that in this method income and expenses are recorded when the bill is issued or received and not when the bill is actually paid (Taylor and Richardson, 2013). The drawback available in this method is that the revenue is being tracked and not the cash which is difficult for small business. For example- Aryan carries a business of set-top boxes and in case the customer pays in advance for more than one year, an additional discount of 10% is provided. In this case, even though the amount is received for more than one year, the amount relevant to the present year will only be included in assessable income. 2. Provisions: Section 104.150 of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 deals with forfeiture of deposit: CGT event HI. According to the above section CGT event, HI comes into existence when a deposit paid is forfeited because a prospective sale or other transaction does not proceed. It includes the amount repaid by you or compensation that can be reasonably regarded as repayment for total or part of deposit (Taylor and Richardson 2013). According to (1A), the amount is transferred to forfeited account after reducing the amount repaid by the client and compensation paid by the client which can be regarded as repayment for all the deposit. The payment can include giving property. As per section 103.5 (1B); the deposit is not reduced by the portion of payment that can be deducted (Richardson and et.al. 2014). The capital gain will arise in case deposit is more than expenditure in the case with prospective sales or other transaction and capital loss vice versa. Conclusion: In the present question, total obligation is not met by RIP Ltd and the amount is transferred to forfeited account. The balance available in Forfeited account is $16200 during the year. Hence, provision of section 104.150 will be applicable to the balance available in forfeited account. Part B Case Law Ballarat Brewing Co. Ltd v FCT It has been concluded by the high court in Australia that only the discounted price should be assessed on the taxable income of a trader regarding sales. The case involved sales of trading stock with a discount for prompt payment, but the discount was almost allowed even though the terms on which it was offered were not met(The Ballarat Brewing Company Limited v. Commr. of Pay-roll Tax (Vic.)., Supreme Court of Victoria, 28 August 1979.Wolters Kluwer, 2012). The decision, in this case, is limited to the cases where all the facts are similar and for the general proposition that trader may include sales in taxable income after giving the effect of the certainty of not receiving the total amount of sales in each transaction. The available exception to the general proposition is that virtual certainty exists on the basis of past experience that the amount of discount will not be received by the trader. Conclusion In the present case, as the caskets and accessories were acquired by the company for business purpose and not for selling to another party, it will be included in trading stock according to section 70.10 of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997. The general tax treatment of the section will be applied in which deduction is allowed regarding the cost of purchase. In case the value of closing stock is more than opening stock the difference is assessable and in another case the difference is deductible (Grant and McLarty, 2014). As per the decision of prescribed case law, the amount of stock will be accounted after deduction of discount. The objective behind it is presenting the correct reflection of expenditure done for acquiring the stock. (ii) Provisions of section 44 of Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 are applied regarding taxation treatment of dividend. According to the provision, the dividend is assessed when paid and it includes distributed as well as credited. A dividend should be recognised only when they are non-revocable by the company (Dividend policy, 2013). Therefore, the dividend income will be included in assessable income of the taxpayer in the year in which it is received or credited to the account of the taxpayer (Taxation of Dividend, 2014). (iii) Treatment for rental paid for storage space during the year. According to the provision of Australian taxation law, business or individual is allowed to claim rental expenses in revenue nature (Woellner and et.al. 2012). Decline in value of capital cannot be claimed as a deduction. An amount of $57000 was paid by the organisation as rental of two years. As per the given facts, $9500 was expensed and $47500 was capitalised in accounts. Hence, according to the provision, the amount of $9500 will be charged as revenue expenditure and the remaining cannot be claimed as a deduction as per decline as it is a decline in the value of capital expenditure. (IV). Facts The managing director of RIP Ltd commenced long service leave for three months and the same was paid $21000. Provision and Conclusion According to the provision of 83.7 of Income Tax Assessment Act which consists provision relating to long service leave. The subsection of the above section will be applied to leave which has to comply with a provision of section 83.1. According to the section long leave, furlough and extended leave are also held in long service leave. In case an employee is complying the norms of commonwealth law and state of territory law (Jansen and Vuuren 2016). As per the provisions of section 83.7 and 83.8, which is a part of the employee and the amount paid will be included in assessable income of the taxpayer. The total amount of $22000 will be included while assessing income i.e. $22000. Answer (v) The deduction that can be availed under head capital expenditure consists extension or improvement of building, renovation in the structure of the building, improvement in environmental protection. The deduction rate 2.5% and 4% will be applied according to date on which work was started (Binning and Young, 2015). In above case, the organisation will be entitled to claim a deduction of 4% of the amount incurred for construction work according to Division 43of ITAA 97 (Waller, 2012.). The another criteria necessary for claiming the deduction is that the company should ascertain is that whether the building is qualified as per Sec 43-150 of ITAA 1997. The explanation of the relevant section of Income Tax Assessment Act has been provided in the report. Penal provisions are available in case the law is not followed. Research and analysis of relevant cases are done so that it could be connected with the report. The report consists details regarding relevant case laws has been described in the report. The report presents the standard norms to be followed by the organisation in compliance with taxation law of Australia. References: Books Journal Barkoczy, S., 2016. Core tax legislation and study guide. OUP Catalogue. Barrett, J. 2012. Democratic discourse, taxation and hypothecation. J. Austin. Tax'n.14. P.89. Binning, C. and Young, M., 2015. TALKING TO THE TAXMAN ABOUT NATURE CONSERVATION_Proposals for the introduction of tax incentives for the protection of high conservation value native vegetation. Grant, D. and McLarty, R.. 2014. Business focus. Oxford University Press. Jansen van Vuuren, D., 2016. Valuing specialised property: cost vs profits method uncertainty. Journal of Property Investment Finance. 34(6). Richardson, G. and et.al. 2014. Corporate profiling of tax-malfeasance: A theoretical and empirical assessment of tax-audited Australian firms.eJournal of Tax Research,12(2), P.359. Taylor, G. and Richardson, G. 2013. The determinants of thinly capitalised tax avoidance structures: Evidence from Australian firms. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation. 22(1).Pp.12-25. Waller, V. 2012. The challenge of institutional integrity in responsive regulation: Field inspections by the Australian taxation office. Law Policy, 29(1). Pp.67-83. Woellner, R. And et.al .2016. Australian Taxation Law 2016. Oxford University Press. Woellner, R. and et.al. D., 2012. Australian Taxation Law Select: legislation and commentary. CCH Australia. Online Dividend policy: (2013) [Online] Available through. https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/03074350710715773. [Accessed on 14th September 2016]. Prepaid Income Arthur Murray Case. (2012). [Online]. Available through https://www.stptax.com/tax-tips/prepaid-income-arthur-murray-case/. [Accessed on 14th September 2016] Taxation on Dividend. (2014) [Online] Available through. https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/itaa1936240/s44.. [Accessed on 14th September 2016]. The Ballarat Brewing Company Limited v. Commr. of Pay-roll Tax (Vic.)., Supreme Court of Victoria, 28 August 1979.Wolters Kluwer. (2012). [Online]. Available through https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio551703sl16860459/the-ballarat-brewing-company-limited-v-commr-of-pay-roll-tax-vic-supreme-court-of-victoria-28-august-1979. [Accessed on 14th September 2016]